海洋是全球经济的基石，也是全球人口增长的重要资源来源。它为超过30亿人口提供食物，工作和生计，促进了全球贸易，并为居住在沿海地区的近24亿人创造了家。在Covid-19-19大流行之前，预测表明，海洋经济可以在未来十年内提供经济增长机会，创造$3 trillion annually在2030年的总价值中。但是，对海洋经济的投资极低。在过去的十年中，通过慈善事业和官方发展援助投资了海洋经济总价值的1％。

气候变化，污染和过度捕捞的影响必威官网是真的吗给海洋，其自然资本及其提供的服务带来了不断增长的压力。要改变这一轨迹，必须通过恢复，保护和有效管理人类使用海洋生态系统来建立海洋弹性并最大程度地降低海洋风险。从根本上重新思考人类与海洋的互动方式，并相应地改变经济模式和市场系统，这是减缓海洋健康下降，阻止生物多样性损失并意识到海洋的全部经济潜力的关键步骤。提供额外的财务将是有效做到这一点并实现可持续海洋经济（SOE）的关键。

蓝色金融差距

Mounting evidence points to the benefits of investing in the transition to an SOE. Recent research commissioned by the High Level Panel for a Sustainable Ocean Economy (Ocean Panel) shows that investing $1 in key ocean actions can yieldat least $5 in global benefits。基于海洋的投资也是政策制定者可以确保可持续和公平的一种方式economic recovery from COVID-19。除了经济利益外，可持续的海洋经济提供无数的非物质价值，例如作为社会和文化认同的来源。

越来越多的意识到，不过渡到可持续的海洋经济将带来高昂的成本。例如，不利的气候变化可能导致珊瑚礁旅游必威官网是真的吗收入损失超过90％。依靠礁石旅游和鱼类股票的发展中国家就业和粮食安全可能会遭受这一收入损失的最大影响。

尽管创建国有企业具有巨大的价值，但在保护生物多样性的斗争中仍存在主要的融资赤字，并扩展到了可持续的使用和保护海洋资源。A最近的报告鲍尔森研究所（Paulson Institute）估计，生物多样性融资面临的平均年薪约为71.11亿美元，每年从598美元到8240亿美元不等。海洋特异性生物多样性融资差距的估计仍然是暂定的，但很明显，保护生物多样性将会需要经济流向国有企业。

资助国有企业的障碍

了解海洋经济如何促进更广泛的全球经济的差距造成了基本的融资障碍。有关海洋及其经济，社会和环境价值的信息常常缺失或不足。此外，其许多服务通常提供的价值通常不会反映在市场价格上，因此投资者不知道其投资的价值。结果，对海洋经济贡献的更有效理解和全面衡量将有助于增加融资。

Another major limitation is the lack of universally adopted definitions, standards and taxonomy on what counts as an SOE investment. Current frameworks and taxonomies on which investments support an SOE do not adequately communicate with each other, do not provide necessary details on standards or metrics and are not yet guided by universally adopted principles. As a result, there’s a lack of clarity, uniformity and harmonization regarding SOE investments. The development of the Sustainable Blue Economy Finance Principle offers promise, as it seeks to guide public and private sector financing of the ocean economy in alignment with可持续发展目标14。

Market distortions further compound these issues. This includes subsidies for ocean economic activities that create negative externalities. Of the around $35 billion in subsidies given to global marine fisheries each year,about $22 billion goes to harmful subsidiesthat prop up unprofitable, large-scale industrial fishing operations. These harmful subsidies artificially increase profits by reducing the cost of fishing or increasing the revenue received by fishers, leading to overcapacity and, by extension, overfishing. The resulting excessive fishing capacity enables the overexploitation of fisheries and leads to detrimental impacts on small-scale coastal fisheries and the vulnerable coastal populations who rely on them for food and income.

Each of these barriers inhibit necessary levels of financing for an SOE, which jeopardizes the future of biodiversity and ocean-based economic opportunities. However, addressing these barriers to sustainable financing and investment in an SOE could result in real and sustained change in the utilization and management of ocean ecosystems and the services they provide.

行动的机会

Anew reportcommissioned by the Ocean Panel identifies seven key actions to plug the blue finance gap while ensuring equitable distribution of benefits from a sustainable ocean economy.

1.建立并实施新的通用准则和原则，以帮助定义海洋经济中的可持续投资。If widely adopted, principle-led investment guidelines could help positively transform ocean ecosystem use and management.

2.加强海洋健康和金融方面的知识，数据和能力，特别是在发展中国家。这将允许决策过程和活动适应与商业活动相关的潜在风险，累积影响和机会的新知识。

3. Create a supportive and inclusive enabling environment.有效，稳定的监管和政策环境将激励投资。政府和多边机构通过改革政策以提供更可持续的结果来创造有吸引力的融资条件，在创造有吸引力的融资条件下起着至关重要的作用。

4. Stimulate the pipeline of investible sustainable projects.使用机制将慈善组织和开发金融机构与私人资本的赠款资金和优惠融资融合在一起，以降低感知的风险并增加收益。

5. Explore new financing mechanisms and tools.These are necessary to scale investments for sustainable, inclusive and climate-resilient ocean activities. It is essential to create innovative mechanisms that bring new forms of finance into the system; are accessible to communities in developing countries, particularly women, youth and marginalized communities; and reduce the exploitation of ocean resources.

6. Develop best practices to incentivize sustainable behavior.While the sustainable ocean economy finance ecosystem develops, immediate action should be taken to avoid financing practices that support illegal and significantly harmful activities, such as illegal fishing and pollution, and instead work toward incentivizing positive behavior.

7.增强新的保险方法。The insurance industry can build upon recommendations derived through research, modelling and data analysis to support only those clients or projects that contribute to a sustainable ocean economy.

Financing a Sustainable Ocean Economy

支持国有企业的健康海洋需要采取干预措施来改善治理，科学和管理。必威官网亚洲体育金融是所有基于海洋的商业活动背后的国有企业和主要驱动力的重要推动力。确保可持续的海洋经济并获得其带来的所有好处，需要大幅度增加可持续的洋金以支持健康的海洋。

最重要的行动是将主流金融重定向更可持续的海洋经济成果。广泛采用和清晰的原则；指导框架和指标；积极避免融资非法和有害活动可能会将数十亿美元重新定向到可持续发展途径，从而创造长期和积极的系统性变化。为了实现这一目标，公共部门和私营部门都必须就共同标准达成共识；动员一系列财务工具和方法，财政和市场激励措施；雇用保险来消除海洋融资活动中的风险和拨款有害活动；并加强了主权和非主权投资的有利环境的关键方面。

海洋为我们共同的繁荣和大量依赖它的人提供了巨大的机会。解决为可持续的海洋经济提供资金的障碍，并将投资投入到其中，将有助于确保所有人都能获得海洋的利益。

Rashid Sumaila是不列颠哥伦比亚大学海洋与渔业研究所以及公共政策与全球事务学院的海洋与渔业经济学教授兼研究主席。

梅利莎·沃尔什（Melissa Walsh）是亚洲开发银行的蓝色财务专家，也是海洋保护金融咨询公司的负责人。