How Governments Can Make the Most of Insurance for Disasters like Hurricane Dorian

多利安飓风对巴哈马的毁灭性袭击使政府争先恐后地动员了灾难应对和恢复的资源。仅政府资源就不足以进行长期恢复和重建，尤其是以更有弹性的方式进行重建；必威官网是真的吗将需要国际财政支持。但是，巴哈马政府有一些财务工具，可以提供相对较少但至关重要的资源，以立即做出灾难响应。

One of those tools is主权参数保险，巴哈马从CCRIF SPC（以前是加勒比灾难风险保险设施或CCRIF），用于热带气旋和极端降雨风险。参数保险依靠灾难模型，并在某些预先经历的条件（例如降雨，风速或建模经济损失）时自动支付，以达到或超过给定的阈值。这避免了耗时的损失评估，使参数保险比传统保险单更快地支付。

主权参数保险可以在帮助国家实施有效灾难响应方面发挥重要作用。但是，为此，政府必须有效地使用保险支出。巴哈马的早期报道表明，政府机构被灾难削弱了如此严重，以至于他们在实施响应工作方面遇到了困难。相反，在多利安的直接之后，志愿者的临时网络领导分发紧急用品的努力。

This raises questions about the value of sovereign parametric insurance in practice: What happens when the local government institutions that are supposed to put the insurance payout to work are themselves hobbled by the disaster? How can governments guard against this possibility and ensure they are making the most of their insurance policy? One answer is to insure not only the government but also other institutions that can help reach affected people quickly.

建模灾难

Caribbean governments launched CCRIF in 2007 with support from the World Bank and other development partners to allow countries in the region to pool their risks. Doing so helps them access more affordable insurance coverage than would otherwise be possible. CCRIF’s products use models to estimate how much damage a particular catastrophe is likely to cause based on where and how it strikes. Its models are built by running thousands of simulated catastrophic events and combining the results with data on exposed assets and their vulnerability to disaster. This data includes information on a region’s infrastructure, building stock, topography, distribution of population, and crops.

When a disaster such as Dorian happens, CCRIF collects data on the storm, including wind speed and storm surge height, from the美国国家飓风中心and plugs it into the model for the tropical cyclone product. If the losses computed by the model exceed a threshold level set out in the insurance policy, the government receives a payout. The size of the payout also depends on the terms of the policy. When signing a policy, the government chooses the amount of financial protection it wants to buy. The Bahamas received a$ 1090万美元在其热带气旋政策下，多利安飓风的损害。

When Governments Need Help

但是，当政府机构需要额外的帮助才能有效地提出回应时，会发生什么？在新的学习by WRI on regional risk pools, we describe an innovative insurance product that the非洲风险能力（ARC）这是一个为非洲国家提供参数保险的区域池，已用于帮助应对这一挑战。

ARC Replica, which ARC and several partner organizationsbegan developing in 2015，允许人道主义组织购买与人道主义群体运营的国家政府购买的保险单的保险单。当政府的弧线政策支付时，人道主义组织也是如此。

This sends emergency cash through two sets of pipelines — the government’s and the humanitarian system’s — doubling insurance coverage and increasing the likelihood that money will reach the ground quickly and effectively. Humanitarian organizations are generally among the first to arrive after a disaster, and they have extensive response networks that can facilitate effective disaster relief. Additionally, ARC Replica requires humanitarian organizations to develop contingency plans in coordination with governments, setting out in advance how they will use ARC payouts. This creates a coordinated mechanism between ARC member countries and their humanitarian partners that could improve overall payout execution.

ARC复制品仍处于起步阶段。直到最近才参加的第一个人道主义组织finalized their first policies。但是Start Network，人道主义组织的财团将很快获得第一个弧副本支付，它将用来支持塞内加尔受干旱影响的社区。CCRIF应密切关注ARC复制品，该复制品可能还可以提供改善加勒比地区支付交付的模型。

人道主义组织不能代替政府机构，但它们可以帮助政府的早期救济工作。在多里安飓风之后的极端情况下，尤其如此。确保政府和人道主义组织允许两人在灾难发生后的重要日子里携手充分利用保险支出。