尽管有这个名字，但渔业中有组织的犯罪不仅与钓鱼有关。尽管非法捕鱼是世界许多地区的一个严重问题，但渔业部门的有组织犯罪延伸了。它在整个渔业价值链中全球发生：近海，海上，沿海界面和网络空间。无论发生在哪里或如何发生，其有害影响都会对全球人口造成巨大损失。

Organized crime in the fisheries sector can take various forms including drug and human trafficking, fraudulent catch documentation, money laundering and corruption — crimes that have potentially dire humanitarian implications. These crimes are profit-driven, diverting government revenue to the shadow blue economy at the expense of coastal communities and the pursuit of key sustainable development goals such as zero hunger, zero poverty, and peace, justice and strong institutions. These crimes can also directly endanger those who are exploited in their perpetration.

许多沿海国家，特别是发展中国家的人们都取决于渔业部门的粮食和工作。大型海洋国家特别容易受到该行业中断的影响，因为最近因199号的影响而暴露了这一行业。在渔业部门运作的犯罪网络加剧了当地沿海社区的经济脱位，威胁到已经脆弱的粮食安全并转移了急需的国家收入。但是有希望：有效地解决渔业中有组织犯罪将有助于促进可持续的海洋经济，反过来将使依赖海洋及其资源的社区受益。

对脆弱人群的影响

While the ecological and environmental costs of illegal fishing — such as the threat of species extinction and marine habitat destruction — are well documented, the human costs of organized crime in fisheries are rarely in the spotlight. Here are some of the ways organized crime in fisheries may negatively affect ordinary citizens worldwide:

Human Trafficking

在渔业部门运作的犯罪网络经常以现代奴隶制的形式参与：人口贩运在渔船上被迫劳动。这种令人震惊的做法是在媒体中获得更多的曝光，包括最近的报道of the North Korean “ghost ships” that regularly wash up on the shores of Japan.

虽然看起来像其他任何东西，但诸如此类的船只可以成为人口贩运的船只，以利用寻求经济机会的弱势工人。照片由Bernard Spragg/Unsplash
虽然看起来像其他任何东西，但诸如此类的船只可以成为人口贩运的船只，以利用寻求经济机会的弱势工人。照片由Bernard Spragg/Unsplash

Many crewmembers are indentured onboard distant water fishing vessels that rarely call at port. Instead, these vessels engage in transshipment, where catch, fuel, supplies and crew are transferred from one ship to another on the high seas. If the fishing vessels do dock at port, trafficking victims are frequently unable to communicate their plight to port authorities due to language differences, or for fear of being arrested as illegal immigrants due to the fact that ship captains usually hold their passports and identification documents. As a result, human trafficking victims often do not get the chance to report their inhumane working conditions or the human rights abuses they suffer.

Those who were rescued and shared their stories speak of violence, malnutrition,sleep deprivation而且，在极端情况下，谋杀。由于在家中缺乏经济机会而被迫寻求就业的工人通常是tricked into working onboard vessels由不道德的招聘机构。许多人也被困在债务束缚中，因为他们的收入被视为payment for ‘debts’ incurred in obtaining the job。这些债务可能是用于经纪，招聘公司的费用，文件费用或食品。

毒品和武器贩运

Drug and arms trafficking associated with the fisheries sector and its accompanying economy of violence also have devastating effects on vulnerable coastal communities. In the Caribbean,Venezuelan smugglersare using forcefully taken fishing vessels to trade illicit weapons and cocaine to Trinidad and Tobago for basic goods, such as nappies and cooking oil, that are in short supply. Involved transnational networks are known to cooperate with local criminal groups, contributing to a rise in national violent crime, bringing illicit drugs into coastal communities and fueling local criminal gang activities.

Recent reports同时，通过牙买加和海地之间的渔船进行了长期的“毒品毒品”贸易。这些行业涉及将当地的大麻换成非法武器和可卡因，加剧了牙买加的暴力，并为沿海社区和内陆地区越来越多的非法武器做出了贡献。

Negative Economic Effects

Corruption是另一种常见但很少讨论的有组织犯罪形式，它渗透到该行业，从贿赂，以换取无视非法捕鱼的诉讼，再到将捕鱼许可分配给具有个人利益的公司或企业。尽管其直接人为成本的内在成本较小，但结果同样是毁灭性的：在发展中的沿海国家中急需的工作，教育，健康和基本服务可能涉及的钱被转移到了一些白领罪犯的口袋中。当地社区首当其冲由于失去获得国家鱼类股票的影响，这种影响通常对于粮食安全和生计至关重要。

The overall economic cost of organized crime in the fisheries sector should raise alarms.最近的研究表明，仅非洲就会看到每年的经济损失在76亿至139亿美元之间，收入损失在18亿至33亿美元之间，这是由于从合法到非法海鲜贸易重定向的原因。2011-2014估计表明，年度非法和未报告的海洋捕鱼每年产生155亿至364亿美元的非法利润。此外，渔业中损失的税收收入破坏了该行业的发展益处，尤其是影响全球南方的发展。

Solving Organized Crime in Fisheries

Solutions to tackle this problem are within reach. A new paper commissioned by the High Level Panel for a Sustainable Ocean Economy,渔业部门有组织犯罪，强调了在地方，国家和国际层面上进行政治和法律合作的需求。解决渔业中跨国有组织犯罪的政治动力已经在增长Copenhagen Declaration Against Organized Crime in the Global Fishing Industry。The Declaration fosters cooperation between governments through sharing knowledge and best practices to tackle fisheries crime.

There is, however, often a lack of capacity and resources to follow through on the ground. Processes that support developing countries in putting practical measures in place at national level are thus crucial. An example is the蓝色正义倡议, which builds capacity to address transnational crime in the global fishing industry through close dialogue with the countries most affected.

Many countries are already making considerable progress. Thepaperhighlights Indonesia as one such country, where law enforcement and policy reform relating to fisheries crime led to an increase of fish stocks from 7.31 million tons in 2014 to 12.54 tons in 2016. According to the Indonesian Ministry of Finance, tax revenue from the fisheries sector improved in 2018 by 1.6 trillion rupiah ($113 million).

渔业部门的有组织犯罪是实现可持续海洋经济的主要障碍。随着世界面临19日的大流行，现在比以往任何时候都更加我们需要一个健康的海洋渔业部门没有犯罪，为需要它的人提供关键的生态系统服务和经济利益。我们正处于可能吸引弱势群体或成为渔业部门各种有组织犯罪的受害者的时候。建立解决这些犯罪的动力对于保护当今处于危险并创造更可持续的未来的人至关重要。

艾玛·威特布伊（Emma Witbooi）is the Director of PescaDOLUS International Fisheries Crime Research Network and a Research Associate at the Nelson Mandela University.