Photo Essay: How Climate Change Affects the Urban Poor in India and Indonesia
本文是最初发布在thecityfix上。
气候行动的最大挑战之一不仅是了解洪水，极端热量和其他挑战的风险，而必威官网是真的吗且了解您的社区如何应对这些风险。它的优势是什么？决策者如何增强现有能力并解决弱点？
WRI’s城市社区的弹性评估helps communities answer these questions. By analyzing local capabilities like social cohesion, familiarity with climate risks, early warning systems and disaster readiness, the assessment provides a snapshot of preparedness and people’s perception of risk. The assessment enables individuals to identify context-specific adaptation actions and encourage policymakers to engage communities in resilience planning.
This year, we applied the Urban Community Resilience Assessment to two Asian cities:苏拉特，印度和Semarang，印度尼西亚。作为过程的一部分，我们选择了每个城市中的三个社区，并进行了实地考察，以了解他们面临的各种挑战以及社区成员的适应方式。我们发现的完整报告将在秋季发布，但是每个城市中不同社区面临的各种挑战都是说明性的。
即使苏拉特和塞马朗都是沿海河流的沿海城市，但每个城市的脆弱性环境以及三个社区中的每个社区都大不相同。尽管苏拉特一方面面临两种主要风险 - 一方面是极端的高温，另一方面是在季风繁忙的日子里洪水，但塞马朗（Semarang）根据地理位置暴露于各种风险。沿海定居点非常容易受到海平面上升，风暴潮和土地沉降（沉没）的攻击，而内陆河沿岸的定居点在大雨期间有洪水泛滥的风险，居住在山丘上的社区面临着滑坡。
Differential Risks in Surat
为了捕获苏拉特（Surat）的差异风险，我们根据人们的建筑环境，职业和社会资本选择了不同的住房类型。评估的第一个社区是一个旧贫民窟称为Morarji Vasahat, located in the southern part of the city, which has a large industrial zone.
莫拉吉·瓦萨哈特（Morarji Vasahat）处于低洼地区，经常有淹水，流水集和极端洪水的风险，尤其是在季风的月份。但是，由于它是一个古老的贫民窟，因此大多数家庭已经在一起生活了数十年，从而建立了强大的社交网络和友谊，这些网络和友谊是极端事件中实力的来源。此外，社区寺庙经营着一项信任，通过将人们撤离到较高地面上的避难所并组织紧急食品和服务分配，从而领导灾难管理工作。
In preparation for the monsoon season, households come together to clean-up their drains, repair and waterproof their roofs, and ensure that the roads leading to their homes are maintained. Most households have constructed high plinths for their homes, raising their floors one to two feet off the ground. These small changes are made to prevent rain and sewage water from entering their homes. In the summer, residents use the plinths, commonly known as otlas, as outdoor seating spaces to escape stifling internal temperatures aggravated by metal roofs.
在苏拉特评估的第二个社区是一个贫民窟的康复计划Kosad Awas。2009年，在大规模搬迁和康复项目下，该地区的19,000户家庭分配了该地区的房屋。来自不同贫民窟社区的人们在不同的建筑物中被赋予了房间，而无需考虑其现有的社会关系。这导致了严重的社会不连贯问题，增加了盗窃和小犯罪，并使妇女和儿童不安全。
厕所所在的建筑物后部之间的这些小巷变成了犯罪点。尽管Kosad Awas的居民没有像Morarji Vasahat那样定期面临洪水风险，但他们的小房屋缺乏通风和人满为患，这会使他们在夏季容易受到热量。由于严重担心白天盗窃大多数居民（主要是妇女和儿童）关闭窗户，从而导致室内温度升高。此外，由于居民互相恐惧，人们普遍缺乏对社区的信任，因此很难应对紧急情况。
The third community in Surat is a site and services scheme inUgat，位于城市西部。十三年前，贫民窟的居民被搬迁到这里，并赋予了土地地块的合法权利，随着时间的流逝，许多人逐步建造了自己的房屋。两年后，他们在房屋外进行了水连接，并与城市的电网相连，并与更大，更小的程度相连，并陷入了卫生系统。
Several households engage in animal husbandry and rear goats, chicken and pigs. These activities, alongside already underbuilt road infrastructure, open drains, and mismanaged garbage disposal systems, have led to extremely poor health and sanitation in the slum. During the monsoons, Ugat faces frequent flooding and water logging in most parts, followed by increased health risks due to unhygienic conditions. Here, santiation is the clear challenge.
Living With Risk in Semarang
在Semarang评估的第一个社区是Tanjung Mas, a fishing community in the north of the city, along the coast.
人们可以在定居点的边缘和十字路口发现人们分类，干燥和销售鱼类，净改造者，船只维修人员以及其他证据。
The climate risks here are more immediately obvious than Surat. The ocean literally intrudes on people’s lives each day. During high tide, many homes, streets and alleys are flooded with seawater, which later recedes following the returning tide.
由于每天不断洪水，土壤变软，导致频繁的土地沉降情况。我们看到几所房屋部分沉入地面，只有三到四英尺高。其他人已经完全消退，仅在地面上方留下。根据他们的经济能力和暴露风险，居民的适应性不同。一些人抬起了屋顶，增加了额外的高度来节省房屋（目前）。
Others have built new two-storied homes on six-foot high plinths to prevent seawater from entering and minimize the risk of subsidence.
在某些情况下，居民将房屋支撑在高跷和建造的桥梁上，将房屋与邻居联系起来。
Many have simply learned to live with the sea. This home had sunk a foot below ground level, resulting in the front porch and interior spaces being perpetually flooded. Residents had laid out bricks along the walkway to the house and inside the home to mark commonly used paths.
我们在Semarang访问的第二个社区是卡利加威，位于城市的运河沿着海岸略微内陆。当大季风降雨期间海洋流入运河时，低洼地区经常洪水泛滥。在某些地方，社区已经提升了道路，以改善通道和流动性。但是，在最贫穷的地区，家庭通常无法在新的道路水平上提高其地面高度，从而导致内部洪水。
我们选择的第三个社区是Sukorejo，位于南部山丘。这是一个古老的土著社区，大多数人继续住在祖先的房屋中。城市这一部分的土壤非常多孔，往往会不断转移，导致频繁，有时是强烈的滑坡。此外，社区在夏季的严重缺水和频繁的干旱状况方面挣扎。
Landslides remain a challenge, but the community has adapted quite incredibly to problems of water scarcity. People are largely dependent on one community water source: a natural spring that fills a well. The settlement is divided into seven sectors, each of which is allocated one day of the week for collecting and storing as much water as is required.
居民跋涉到井中，并分批补充室外坦克，鼓和水桶。水旨在使家庭持续整整一周。如果一个家庭用完了，在六天的剩余时间里，每天只允许他们另外两个桶。该系统可确保以可持续和聪明的方式使用水。
The field experiences from Surat and Semarang have strengthened our premise that peoples’ everyday well-being, the spaces they live in, the work they do, their potential to cope with increasing and varied challenges, and their aspirations for secure and equitable living environments are important to the success of any resilience strategy. Resilience is a continuous process, and communities and individuals are already adapting every day. The important question for planners is whether resilience actions at the wider city, state or national level are enhancing local knowledge and capacities – or constraining them.
The Urban Community Resilience Assessment is a year-long project led by staff from WRI’s城市气候弹性必威官网是真的吗team and funded by the Cities Alliance Joint Work Program on Resilient Cities; a full report will be released in September 2018. Local partners in both cities – theUrban Health and Climate Resilience Center for Excellencein Surat, and theInitiative for Urban Climate Change and Environment在Semarang - 是整体合作者，并在每个和解方面都领导了现场活动。评估将导致每个社区中的弹性项目提案，这些项目将与该市的社区成员和利益相关者共同开发。