China’s power sector is the nation’s largest source of greenhouse gas emissions and itsbiggestindustrial water user。To meet increasing energy demand, the countrymay doubleits installed generation capacity by 2030. As a result, decisions about electricity generation will have profound impacts on both global climate and domestic water resources.

为了帮助决策，WRI评估了目前正在使用或提议的20多代技术的气候水含义，必威官网是真的吗并找到该国电力部门的一些双赢解决方案，以减少水的影响和排放。

Water Use and Emissions Implications of Generation Technologies

从生命周期的角度考虑时，所有发电技术都会消耗水并发出温室气体，尤其是热电发电厂，但水平不同。

WRI’s Water-Climate Impacts Analysischarts the three dimensions of power generation technology: water impacts, emissions and capital costs. The graphic below compares freshwater withdrawal with GHG emissions per megawatt-hour (MWh) of power generation, highlights potential electricity produced or saved over each technology’s lifetime and ranks them according to capital costs (using 2010 Chinese technology costs). For example, nuclear power requires large volumes of water for cooling, emits negligible greenhouse gases and produces roughly 160 million MWh of electricity in its lifespan per $1 billion invested.

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在此比较下，大多数发电技术都位于右上象限中，其中用水和排放之间的连接最为急切。但是，水和气候低的技术影响落入中心和左下象限（“双赢”象限），显示了对排放和用水的积极影响必威官网是真的吗的投资。

Energy Efficiency, Renewables Are the Best Win-Win Options for China

基于此分析，我们的主要观察结果是：

  • Demand-side energy efficiency is the most effective strategy for net reductions on emissions and water consumption.通过减少能源需求并随后避免用水用于发电，效率可以使稀缺的水资源用于其他关键目的，并创造出进一步减少水和能源需求的良性循环。此外，效率投资是最具成本效益的方法之一。

  • Among renewable technologies, run-of-river hydroelectric stands out for its low cost and low environmental impact.Meanwhile, wind and solar photovoltaic have clear advantages in China’s water-constrained environment, as neither technology requires much water or releases greenhouse gases during power generation.

  • 碳捕获和存储（CCS）可以减少每年80％至90％的温室气体排放，但部署这项技术会增加90％的总资本成本，并增加供水需求。Therefore, policymakers should carefully evaluate water availability when designing new coal-based plants with CCS.

  • 闭环或干冷却系统should be the future of China’s thermoelectric power plants。中国约80％的电力是由热电单元产生的，这些单元严重依赖于水进行冷却。从过时的开环冷却转移到闭环冷却技术将使抽水的水最高降低98％，而干燥冷却的进一步减少。

5 Recommendations to Reduce Water Use and Emissions in Power Generation

China has established严格的水资源管理要求, including mandatory limits on water quantity usage, water efficiency and water quality. Water demand for energy should therefore be carefully factored into China’s decision-making process.

Based on our study, we offer several recommendations to help policy makers manage water-emissions impacts of China’s power sector:

  • Emphasize energy efficiency among electricity end users as a primary, cost-effective way to meet demand and reduce emissions and water consumption.

  • Devise specific policies to regulate water use in power generation by establishing sector-specific water withdrawal quotas at the national, regional and local levels.

  • 追求可再生能源（不包括水力发电），作为中国水砂地区的最佳选择，同时利用可用水的河流水力发电。

  • Shift future thermoelectric power plants to closed-loop or dry-cooling systems.

  • Consider water requirements and avoid placing water-intensive power generation technologies (such as concentrated solar power and CCS) in water-stressed areas.