Zeroing In on Zero Emissions: Increasing Climate Ambition for Indonesia
印度尼西亚在确定如何向低碳和弹性经济过渡到11月在格拉斯哥的COP26之前向其国际对应者展示，取得了重大进展。尽管到目前为止的努力还不够，但仍然有机会以一种对印度尼西亚及其人民有益的方式提高野心。
今年7月，林业与环境部提交了印度尼西亚的第二项气候行动计划（或全国确定的贡献，NDC），对《联合国气候变化》框架公约。必威官网是真的吗NDC包括一项长期战略，该战略针对到2060年或更早的零排放，虽然它没有增强缓解目标，但它确实概述了适应性的措施。
一个月前Indonesia abruptly ended its $1 billion forest and climate partnership with Norway，而暂停palm oil concessions, first introduced in 2018, expired without plans for a replacement, sending mixed signals of Indonesia’s commitment to tackle the climate crisis.
但是，有一些有利的信号 - 2021年5月，国有公用事业公司Perusahaan listrik negara（PLN）也宣布它将phase out coal， 帮助为可再生能源铺平道路。More importantly, following a trial for an排放交易系统for coal-fired power plants, a carbon market in Indonesia appears to be emerging.
The government recently passed一项新法案改革税收结构，以减少该国为应对Covid-19的影响而采取的预算赤字。这些改革包括将碳税专门放在燃煤电厂上的计划，据报道至少为RP。每公斤302e, or $2.10 per ton of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO2e）从明年4月开始。
这是一个重要的开始，但比其他国家 /地区设定的碳税要低得多加拿大, which imposed $20 per tCO2e in 2019 and has announced a pathway to reach carbon prices of $136 by 2030, and much lower than what is needed to transition to a low-carbon economy. But it is somewhat on par with the initial price set by fellow Asian nation Singapore in 2019 ($3.69 per tCO2e).
这些行动可以帮助印度尼西亚达到其目标净零排放到2060年或更早的情况下，其更新的气候行动计划和长期战略。必威官网是真的吗但是，如果该国希望成为“碳超级大国”，同时在2045年实现其成为高收入国家的愿景，则需要做得更好。
New analysisfrom the Ministry of National Development Planning’s Low Carbon Development Initiative (LCDI) shows that “better” is within reach. The report’s scenarios demonstrate that achieving net-zero emissions as early as 2045 will not only deliver the most beneficial outcome for Indonesia’s people and economy, but is also entirely within reach.
达到零净的无数社会和经济利益
零净经济体的GDP增长率将增加印度尼西亚的增长率，从2021 - 2050年的平均每年6.1-6.5％和人均收入较高。在世界银行的门槛下，到2045年，这将有助于印度尼西亚的突破成为一个高收入国家。从第一年起，它也将提供更多的工作，而印尼人的健康成果比目前的途径更好。
Transforming Indonesia’s economy to achieve net-zero means going beyond the green measures that are already underway and fully embracing a substantive low-carbon policy agenda, including system-changing green interventions in key economic systems. This will require shifts in existing investments as well as new financing. Investments and projects that encourage sustainable agriculture, food loss and waste reduction, the conservation and restoration of natural resources, renewable energy advancement, and energy efficiency will need to be significantly scaled up.
例如，印度尼西亚具有明显的可再生能源潜力，但很少使用它。几乎一半的容量是太阳能，超过了第五含水量。印度尼西亚拥有世界上最大的地热占世界估计全球储量的40％。
这种对清洁能源和可持续替代方案的投资不仅会推动就业机会，而且还使印度尼西亚对气候变化的潜在毁灭性影响更具弹性。必威官网是真的吗随着印度尼西亚庞大的自然系统的恢复，从供水到防火的生态系统服务预计到2060年每年的价值将达到4.75万亿美元。
A reduction in polluting energy and transport systems would clean up air quality, which has been a major public health concern in Indonesia, to the point that thegovernment has been found guilty of negligence in a civil lawsuit。
低碳路径
即使在全球大流行和经济危机中，印度尼西亚也有能力在本世纪中叶进行零排放。这并不孤单。相反，许多国家，公司和金融机构在本世纪中叶大约采用零净目标，甚至更早地采用零售目标，他认识到雄心勃勃的气候行动可以带来更好，更强大的增长。必威官网是真的吗截至2021年10月，66 countries accounting for 56.5% of global emissions have communicated a net zero target。这些气候领导必威官网是真的吗者，尤其是印度尼西亚等新兴经济体，以类似方式从零净干预中受益。
But the future that these net-zero scenarios from the Ministry of National Development Planning envision for Indonesia’s economy would require an investment of around $20 billion per year in 2021–2022 and average $150-200 billion per year in 2021–2030, according to the LCDI analysis. One approach to help with financing this transition would be through channeling the revenue gained from the combination of a carbon tax system and the elimination of fossil fuel subsidies — estimated to reach $168-215 billion by 2031 — toward funding low carbon initiatives. The revenues should also be allocated for social protection programs and green infrastructure to secure the co-benefits for a more just transition.
每个TCO $ 2.102印度尼西亚的电价打算在4月份申请燃煤电力是一个有希望的开始，可以帮助筹集急需的收入，但是该国应考虑大幅度增加它并在未来几年内扩大其范围，以使政府更加更好更好地建造印度尼西亚的能力。
扩大国际金融（无论是通过外国援助赠款和为资本流入提供机会）还是对提高印度尼西亚的野心至关重要的。幸运的是，该国拥有丰富的自然资本和有利可图的商业环境，这将有助于它吸引必要的融资。印度尼西亚还需要与现有发展伙伴紧密合作，并寻求新的多边关系，以重新调整金融流以推进零零议程。
启动更绿色，更具弹性的未来
政府可以在第一年通过实施净零措施作为其COVID-19恢复的一部分，在第一年开始实现这些好处 - 具有重大的刺激效果和创造就业机会。许多国家还抓住了大流行的前所未有的机会，以在不牺牲恢复的情况下跳动更绿色的未来。IFC研究found that in 21 emerging markets, including Indonesia, green recovery has the potential to generate $10.2 trillion in investment opportunities and 213 million jobs while also reducing emissions by 4 billion tCO2E到2030年 - 剩余的碳预算中的一百分之一，以使全球温度保持在1.5℃以下estimated by the IPCC in their latest report。
通过实施大胆的零净政策，印度尼西亚将确保其作为“碳超级大国”的作用，这是在国际社会中尊重的。但更重要的是，采取更雄心勃勃的行动将使印尼人民能够更加强大地朝着更加光明，更健康，更繁荣的未来发展。