Synopsis

This report introduces the Ecosystem Services Review for Impact Assessment (ESR for IA), a six step method to address project impacts and dependencies on ecosystem services as part of the environmental and social impact assessment process. The steps build on assessments routinely conducted by social and environmental practitioners to better reflect the interdependence between project, ecosystems, ecosystem services, and people.

寻求有关IA实施ESR的更详细指南的从业者可以咨询相关的技术附录，该附录将使用说明性案例研究，使他们浏览每个步骤和子步骤。

Executive Summary

生态系统提供的服务在人类福祉中起着至关重要的作用。尽管某些生态系统服务很容易被认可，例如食物，木材和淡水，其他生态系统服务可能不太明显。生态系统控制侵蚀；减少自然灾害造成的损害；并调节我们的空气，水和土壤质量。减少或损失这些服务及其提供的好处，可以产生社会经济的影响，使环境损害超出环境损害。

标准的环境和社会影响评估（ESIA）并未明确说明项目对生态系统服务收益的影响。结果，评估可能会忽视容易受到生态系统变化的利益相关者，或者错过项目环境影响的某些有害社会后果。将生态系统服务整合到影响评估中，从而对项目的直接和长期影响进行了更全面和现实的评估。

为了应对识别和计划这些影响的需求，ESIA标准已开始将生态系统服务整合到项目影响评估中。国际金融公司（IFC）的绩效标准反映了这一趋势：截至2012年，IFC资助的项目必须保留生态系统服务的收益。超越项目影响的一步，IFC还要求环境和社会风险以及影响识别过程考虑项目对生态系统服务的依赖。正如开发项目可能危害生态系统服务所带来的好处一样，生态系统的变化可能危害项目成果。

到目前为止，对于如何将生态系统服务整合到其影响评估中的ESIA实践者几乎没有指导。世界资源必威官网手机版研究所与ESIA从业人员合作开发了“影响评估的生态系统服务评论”（IA的ESR）来填补这一空白。IA的ESR是一种结构化方法，可指导从业人员通过六个步骤将生态系统服务纳入范围，基线和影响分析以及缓解阶段的ESIA。

IA的ESR可用于两个目的。首先，它确定了减轻项目对生态系统提供的好处的影响的措施。其次，它确定了管理对生态系统的操作依赖性的措施。这些目标反映在IA的四个输出的ESR中：

  • A list of ecosystem services, for inclusion in the ESIA terms of reference;

  • Identification of priority ecosystem services to be considered and stakeholders to be engaged in further stages of the ESIA process, for inclusion in the ESIA report;

  • 评估项目影响和对优先生态系统服务的依赖性，以纳入ESIA报告；和

  • Measures to mitigate project impacts and manage project dependencies on priority ecosystem services, for inclusion in the environmental and social management plans.

The ESR for IA, rather than replacing the environmental and social assessments that make up the standard ESIA process, complements them with an interdisciplinary, integrated framework. By focusing attention on the socio-economic dimensions of a project’s environmental impacts, the ESR for IA can capture the unanticipated costs and benefits of projects more fully than a standard ESIA, and can identify stakeholders who might otherwise be missed.

WRI and ESIA practitioners road-tested the ESR for IA by applying the methodology to projects that had already undergone standard environmental and social assessments. The results were promising. The ESR for IA revealed overlooked social implications of environmental impacts, exposed operational risks resulting from ecosystem change, and identified additional measures for the environmental and social management plans.

Weaving Ecosystem Services Into Impact Assessment: A Step-by-Step Method是更长的WRI报告的缩写版本，为ESIA从业人员提供详细的技术说明。该浓缩版本是针对更广泛的受众量身定制的，包括不自行进行疾病的项目开发人员，但仍需要了解该过程。我们鼓励项目开发人员和ESIA从业人员通过LinkedIn的业务和生态系统服务专业人员和环境影响评估小组与他人使用ESR分享他们的经验。从实施中学到的经验教训可以为围绕ESIA生态系统服务的新兴社区提供信息，并为道路方法的改进做出贡献。