概要

This paper examines the role the auto-rickshaw sector can play in promoting sustainable urban transport in India. It develops a policy vision for this sector and presents recommendations on reforms to address sustainability challenges.

Key Findings

Policy Vision

印度政府城市发展部国家城市运输政策（NUTP）是国家一级的关键指导政策，重点是印度城市运输（Moud 2006）。由于基于人的运输计划的基本原理，NUTP框架着重于城市中公共交通和非运动运输（NMT）系统的计划和投资。

To meet the objectives of the NUTP, the findings from this study highlight the need for an overarching policy vision for the auto-rickshaw sector in urban transport (Figure E.1) based on the Shift and Improve strategies of the ASI framework to promote sustainable urban transport.

改革需求和下一步

In accordance with the policy vision, the following regulatory and vehicle-related reforms will help ensure that the auto-rickshaw sector supports public transport and provides alternatives to private vehicles, while addressing the sustainability challenges of emissions and road safety:

  • Ensure Availability of Dispatch Services:大多数印度城市中的自动人力车服务是由单个所有者服务者而不是车队公司提供的。缺乏组织使得很难提供调度（拨号）服务。需要通过监管改革来解决这一问题，该改革使基于车队的运营能够通过调度服务进入汽车 - 里克肖行业。
    • 这些监管改革应由州运输部门进行，这是汽车行业的节点监管机构。

  • 减少排放：Findings from this study highlight that improvements in engine technology (moving from two-stroke to four-stroke engines) is potentially the best approach to reduce PM10 emissions from the auto-rickshaw sector. Four-stroke engines have lower PM10, hydrocarbon (HC), and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions than two-stroke engines (Shah and Iyer 2004). Further, four-stroke engines can reduce PM10 emissions by running on compressed natural gas (CNG) and other alternatives to gasoline (Reynolds, Grieshop and Kandlikar, 2011). However, higher oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions from four-stroke engines need to be addressed through reforms in current emission standards.

    • The engine and fuel-related reforms should be pursued by State transport departments as the nodal regulatory agencies.
    • The needed reforms in emission standards are the adoption of separate emission standards for HC and NOx emissions, instead of the current combined (HC + NOx) standard. These reforms should be pursued by the Standing Committee on Implementation of Emissions Legislation set up by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH) for emissions legislation (SIAM 2011b).

  • Improve Road Safety:由于关键改革需要改善多旋风碰撞中的乘员安全性，因此已经注意到了诸如安全带和僵硬表面上的安全带和填充的改进（Schmucker etal。2009）。此外，基础设施干预措施，例如用于自动 - 人力车的专用车道，狭窄的车道和城市道路上的速度桌，以降低平均速度，将降低发生多旋风碰撞的风险。

    • Vehicle design improvements, through reforms in current motor vehicle safety regulations, should be pursued by the Automotive Industry Standards Committee (AISC) (SIAM 2011b) set up by MoRTH for motor vehicle safety regulations.
    • 作为其全市道路安全增强策略的一部分，应采取城市政府应对改善自动摩克肖乘员安全的基础设施干预措施。

Executive Summary

学习目标和方法

随着印度对城市运输的需求的增加，自动摩克肖的受欢迎程度也随之增加。在2003年至2010年之间，这种电动三轮车的生产已翻了一番。在印度主要城市中，它负责大量机动旅行。改善城市运输的策略必须包括对这个日益重要的部门的政策愿景。为此，本文探讨了汽车 - 里克肖行业在促进印度可持续城市运输方面可以发挥的作用。它为该部门制定了政策愿景，并提出了有关解决可持续性挑战的改革建议。

这项研究的基础是避免换档（ASI）框架，这是促进可持续城市运输的关键方法之一。ASI框架基于三个关键策略：（1）避免不必要的旅行，（2）转向更可持续的运输模式，以及（3）提高所有模式的性能（Dalkmann and Brannigan 2007）。在评估自动人力车行业在促进可持续城市运输中的作用时，本文特别着眼于自动 - 里克肖（Auto-Rickshaws）如何使用两管齐下的方法来促进和改善策略：

  • 检查自动 - 里克肖（Auto-Rickshaws）在促进可持续城市运输中提供的服务类型（合同运输）的作用，作为转移策略的一部分；
  • Assessment of the need for improvements in the type of vehicle (motorized three-wheeler) in the auto-rickshaw sector to promote sustainable urban transport, as part of the Improve strategy.

汽车行业的角色

服务类型（合同运输）的角色

这项研究的发现表明，城市中的自动人力车服务可以帮助实现班次策略的目标（促进公共交通和减少私人机动化），这是基于以下方面的：

  • First and last mile connectivity to public transport:自动 - 里克肖服务（Auto-Rickshaw Services）作为馈线模式集成，可提供这种连接性，可以通过确保城市的所有地区都可以轻松访问公共交通站来补充公共交通系统。

  • Door-to-door transport alternative to private motor vehicles:由自动 - 里克肖斯（Auto-Rickshaws）提供的挨家挨户的按需服务将确保在城市中可以满足需要挨家挨户连通性的运输需求，例如偶尔去机场旅行或紧急旅行，而无需在城市中满足依靠私家车。

车辆性能和改进需求

本文评估了印度城市中电动三轮车（自动 - 里克肖）在两个重要的可持续性参数（排放和道路安全）方面的性能，以确定可以改善绩效的与车辆相关改革的当前挑战和领域：

  • 排放：Autorickshaw部门的一个主要挑战是其空气直径小于10微米的颗粒物的排放（PM10）。众所周知，PM10对健康产生不利影响，许多城市中普遍存在的常规两冲程发动机自动 - 摩克肖是这些排放的主要来源（Shah and Iyer 2004）。
  • Road Safety:The paper looks at the impact of the auto-rickshaw sector on the safety of both city pedestrians and the rickshaws’ occupants (driver and passengers). Research conducted by EMBARQ India using pedestrian fatality data for Mumbai and Bangalore shows that autorickshaws lead to fewer fatal pedestrian accidents than do motorized two-wheelers and cars. This is likely a result of their lower speeds and lighter weights (Mohan and Roy 2003). There are concerns for the safety of auto-rickshaw occupants, however, particularly in multivehicle collisions (ones between auto-rickshaws and other motor vehicles). A study of auto-rickshaw injury patterns in Hyderabad revealed that multivehicle collisions were the leading cause of injury for auto-rickshaw occupants (Schmucker et al. 2009).