Fires Spread Across Indonesia as Parliament Approves Haze Treaty
本周早些时候，印度尼西亚议会批准了东盟关于跨界雾化污染的协议- 在首次签署该协议以减少东南亚的土地和森林大火的雾霾污染的协议后12年。该条约的批准，结合新加坡的新跨界雾化污染法，，，，sends a clear and overdue signal that illegal land and forest fires in Indonesia, and the resulting regional haze pollution, will no longer be tolerated.
对法律的批准并不是太早了。本周，大火横跨苏门答腊南部，西部和卡利曼丹中部，危害印度尼西亚的森林以及称这些地区为家的社区和野生动植物。因为热带气旋altered the wind direction, haze and smoke returned again to Singapore. Readings of the污染物标准指数（PSI）升至不健康的水平，绘画国际关注。
您可以查看有关火灾，优惠，风向等的近乎真实的时间信息Global Forest Watch Fires（GFW火灾），，，，a fire-monitoring platform developed by WRI, Indonesia’s National REDD+ Agency (BP REDD+), DigitalGlobe, Google, Esri, and other partners. Read on for more analysis of Indonesia’s fires, and how new laws could help crack down on illegal burning.
Fires Spike in Sumatra and Kalimantan
尽管在旱季期间，印度尼西亚通常出现大火，但本周的火灾警报数量显着增加。来自
与过去几周相比，火灾的数量显着增加，尤其是对于中西部和西卡利曼丹省以及苏门答腊南部的省份（见图1）。以模式不同的从2013年6月以及2014年2月和2014年2月的最后两次大火爆发开始，RIAU省的火灾警报数量低于周围地区。
新加坡的新法律是否有助于减少大火？
非法燃烧 - 通常与伐木，木材和油棕优惠有关，或与这些地区的冲突相关 - 在亚洲，特别是在印度尼西亚一直是一个问题。新的新加坡法律permits the government to prosecute and fine companies responsible for fires causing pollution in Singapore—regardless of which country the company is currently operating in—when污染indexreadings remain over 100 for 24 hours or more. Air quality readings exceeded this limit for much of the day on September 15, but have since improved following a shift in wind direction. The law also allows Singaporeans to bring civil cases against those causing haze—for example, due to damage to a hotel’s revenue or a person’s health.
实时风向和空气质量数据Global Forest Watch Fires建议在本周早些时候，苏门答腊的南风带来了新加坡的烟雾和雾霾，尽管最新的风向图似乎表明来自卡利曼丹的烟雾和雾霾也可能被运送到新加坡（检查GFW火灾的数据
The Singaporean government can investigate companies operating in those regions and, if illegal burning is present, take action under the Transboundary Haze Pollution Act. (You can view a list of oil palm, wood fiber, and timber concessions with the highest number of fire alerts on GFW Fires, or refer to Figure 5 at the end of this blog.)
印度尼西亚批准《雾霾条约》的潜在影响
印度尼西亚议会vote为了批准东盟跨境的雾霾条约，代表了许多改善该国火灾监测的努力的高潮。
虽然跨界雾化法案中的特定文章已经大部分已纳入印度尼西亚的现有法规旨在减少火灾和非法燃烧，可能会造成额外的压力来执行这些法律。尽管非法燃烧的历史悠久，但最近的事件表明，印度尼西亚正在更加重视火灾。即将卸任的总统苏西洛·班邦·尤多霍诺（Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono）最近任务印度尼西亚国家REDD+机构（BP REDD+），以加强政府协调的努力，以解决大火。该机构与政府其他部门合作，已确立的“情况室”，以进行火灾反应。通过使用诸如GFW火灾之类的实时工具，它正在努力将火灾响应时间减少80％，从30小时或更长时间到2到四个小时。行业也在加强。6月，可持续棕榈油（RSPO）的圆桌会议成为第一家商品认证机构公开分享其认证生产领域的边界，使其他人可以监视这些特许权中的火灾。
与其他法规一样，新批准的东盟条约的有效性将取决于执法质量。但是，凭借近乎真正的时间监控工具，例如手头的GFW射击和势头越来越大，以击倒非法燃烧，未来的天空可能看起来更明亮。
了解更多：有关印度尼西亚大火的更多WRI分析，请查看我们的博客系列。
WRI使用了美国宇航局的主动火数据to determine the likely location of fires on the ground. This system uses the NASA MODIS satellites that survey the entire earth every 1-2 days. The sensors on these satellites detect the heat signatures of fires within the infrared spectral band. When the satellite imagery is processed, an algorithm searches for fire-like signatures. When a fire is detected, the system indicates the 1 km2 where the fire occurred with an “alert.” The system will nearly always detect fires of 1,000 m2 in size, but under ideal conditions, can detect flaming fires as small as 50 m2. Since each satellite passes over the equator twice a day, these alerts can be provided in near-real time. Fire alerts are posted on the NASA FIRMS website within 3 hours of detection by the satellite.
The accuracy of fire detection has improved greatly since fire detection systems were first developed for the MODIS satellites. Today, the rate of false positives is 1/10 to 1/1000 what it was under earlier systems first developed in the early 2000s. The algorithm used to detect fires includes steps to eliminate sources of false positives from sun glint, water glint, hot desert environments and others. When the system does not have enough information to detect a fire conclusively, the fire alert is discarded. In general, night observations have higher accuracy than daytime observations. Desert ecosystems have the highest rate of false positives. Many papers have been published to validate the NASA MODIS active fire alerts for use in various applications. WRI is employing a recommendation for detecting forest clearing fires (described in Morton and Defries, 2008), identifying fires with a Brightness value ≥330 Kelvin and a Confidence value ≥ 30% to indicate fires that have a high confidence for being forest-clearing fires. Low confidence fires are lower intensity fires that could either be from non-forest-clearing fire activity (clearing fields or grass burning), or could be older fires that have decreased in intensity (smoldering rather than flaming fires). The use of this classification establishes a higher standard for fire detection than using all fire alerts equally.
资料来源：
NASA公司FAQ Morton，D.，R。Defries，J。T. Randerson，L。Giglio，W。Schroeder和G. van der Werf。2008年。农业强化增加了亚马逊的森林砍伐活动。全球变化生物学14：2262-2276。
数据源：
NASA Fire Information for Resource Management (FIRMS) Active Fire Data, June 17, 2014 - June 23, 2014
Administrative boundaries from GADM and Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)