Synopsis

Limiting global temperature rise to 2°C above pre-industrial levels will require billions of dollars in investments each year to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and shift to low-emissions development pathways. This report draws on the experiences of six developing countries to examine how public climate finance can help meet the significant investment needs of developing countries by creating attractive conditions for scaled-up investment in low-carbon energy. Building on lessons from the case studies, it provides a number of recommendations for international climate funds and institutions, in particular for the new Green Climate Fund.

关键发现

学习准备活动的经验教训

The case studies also reveal a number of lessons about the design of readiness activities and the role of international partners in supporting them.

Small amounts of long-term funding for enabling activities can help scale up investment

In each case study, small investments in enabling activities—from several hundred thousand dollars to several million dollars—helped pave the way for scaled up private and public investments by supporting the creation of conducive policies and market conditions. International support has been most effective when sustained over five or more years. Technical support can also be more effective if international advisors are integrated into national institutions and report to national, rather than international, authorities.

如果国际支持确定并针对一些关键投资障碍，国际支持可能会更有效。在相对较少的投资条件的国家中，尝试同时克服所有投资障碍的尝试可能会导致资源传播得太薄而无法实现重大影响。第4章提出了一个框架，该框架可以帮助政府及其国际合作伙伴确定支持活动。

投资开始时，加强有利环境不应结束。在每个案例研究中，准备就绪活动和更大的投资同时进行。即使在投资环境已经很强的情况下，仍然存在额外的启示活动以解决特定差距的必威官网是真的吗范围。

Integrated, inclusive planning processes and policy and institutional reform are key to attracting investment

The integration of low-carbon energy into a broader development agenda can enhance coordination and alignment between different sectors of the economy. Civil society and private sector actors can bring valuable expertise and experience to the planning process, and play important roles in ensuring that low-carbon energy policies and plans are realistic, robust, and tailored to the needs of the country. International support should be aligned with national plans and priorities for effective and sustained outcomes, and should be flexible enough to respond in a timely manner to evolving priorities.

在案例研究中，对政策和监管环境的变化对于吸引大量规模的投资至关重要。国际对政策设计的支持只有在需求驱动并且不被视为侵犯国家主权的情况下才可能有效。建立自己的财务机制来支持低碳能源项目的国家有效地独立实施其目标，从而减少了他们对国际合作伙伴的依赖，以资助其低碳能源需求。

拥有适当的机构来制定，实施和规范政策改革，并赋予他们有效执行其职能的授权和资源的能力，确保政策是连贯和一致的，这增加了投资者的信心。

在关键机构中，加强员工和管理层执行职能的能力是一项重要的准备活动，通常需要国际资金支持。案例研究表明，在仔细瞄准以解决特定技能差距时，能力建设支持最有效。

解决信息障碍和加强行业和金融部门的能力可以解锁投资

公众对广泛可再生资源评估或勘探的支持可以提供有关资源可用性的信息，这是吸引投资者兴趣的关键。同样，使行业和其他参与者拥有低碳能源选择的措施，例如培训中心，宣传运动以及将利益相关者召集在一起的研讨会和研讨会 - 可以增强行业对实施可再生能源项目的知识和能力，并提高人们对意识的认识。能源效率节省的潜在成本。

International support plays an important role in facilitating learning and demonstrating new financing models for renewable energy, as well as strengthening industry’s capacity to develop and implement low-carbon energy projects. In some cases, international support to strengthen the capacity of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and improve their access to financing for low-carbon energy projects has helped unlock investment by this sector of the market.

金融机构可以在开放低碳能源技术的市场中发挥关键作用。但是，一些金融机构缺乏对这些技术的了解和经验。加强金融机构支持可再生能源和能源效率项目（包括通过试点融资计划）的能力对于在几种情况下扩大低碳能源的国内资金来源非常重要。在某些情况下，高风险（现实或感知到的）投资低碳技术，在该国没有可靠的往绩，这阻止了国内金融机构。精心分配风险的机制可以帮助他们吸引国内银行和其他金融机构的融资。

执行摘要

Between now and 2050, developing countries need an estimated $531 billion per year of additional investment in energy supply and demand technologies in order to limit global temperature rise to 2° C above pre-industrial levels. To achieve this scale of investment, developing country governments and custodians of international public finance will need to deploy limited public finance in ways that leverage an unprecedented volume of private sector investment. Despite growing global investment in low-carbon energy and falling costs, it will be difficult to achieve the scale and urgency of investments needed without the appropriate policy, institutional, industry, and financial conditions. Governments and their international partners need to undertake “readiness” activities designed to put in place the conditions that attract scaled-up investment and enable a transformation toward low-carbon energy development pathways.

Drawing on six developing country case studies, this report identifies a set of key lessons and insights for readiness. The report develops a framework to identify and prioritize readiness activities that will require public financial support to create the conditions necessary to scale up investments in renewable energy and energy efficiency (collectively referred to as low-carbon energy). The report discusses the implications of the findings for international climate finance and draws a number of recommendations for the Green Climate Fund (GCF). It targets international public funds and institutions looking to accelerate investment in low-carbon energy, as well as developing country governments looking to identify and prioritize activities for funding.

为扩大投资的促进条件

We identify a number of policy and institutional, industry, and financial sector conditions that can attract scaled-up public and private investment in low-carbon energy. Policy and institutional conditions include plans and targets for low-carbon energy, institutional capacity to effectively implement climate change and energy policies, laws supporting investment in low-carbon energy, and regulatory and fiscal instruments to implement laws. Industry conditions include the capacity of developers to prepare bankable projects, information on renewable resource availability or options to conserve energy, engineering capacity, and the presence of a support industry and enabling infrastructure. Financial conditions include a stable financial sector with the capacity and range of financial products needed to support low-carbon energy.

In six case studies, we analyze the role that enabling activities have played in promoting scaled up investment in low-carbon energy, and the role that international public finance has played in supporting such activities. These case studies examine energy efficiency in Thailand, wind power in South Africa, solar water heaters in Tunisia, geothermal power in Indonesia, wind power in Mexico, and energy efficiency in India. Taken together, the case studies suggest two overarching determinants of success in scaling up investment: government leadership and effective responses to pricing distortions. When government leadership is strong, a commitment to policy and institutional reform and implementation of stated goals usually follows. This in turn strengthens the investment climate and increases investor confidence. In cases where market failures severely distort the market in favor of carbon-intensive energy sources, it has been more difficult to create the conditions that attract investment in low-carbon energy.

A framework for guiding readiness support for low-carbon energy investments

Building on the experiences of the six case studies, we propose a framework to guide governments and their international partners in determining how best to provide readiness support to countries with low-carbon energy sectors in different stages of development. The framework describes some of the activities required to strengthen the enabling policy and institutional environment for investment. In the early stages of development, these include support for assessing energy options, engaging stakeholders in the energy planning process, capacity building for government agencies and civil society, technical support for developing plans and strategies, and outreach activities. In later stages, activities include support for designing and implementing regulations and fiscal instruments, and targeted capacity building for government agencies, including local governments.

拟议的框架还描述了加强有利行业和投资财务状况所需的一些活动。在开发的早期阶段，其中包括可再生资源评估和节能意识运动，项目开发人员和金融机构的能力建设，对技术转移和本地化的支持，可行性研究以及环境和社会影响评估以及对金融部门改革的支持。在后期阶段，活动包括增强低碳能源项目的工程能力，支持辅助行业（例如升级电网基础设施）以及支持金融机构来评估和资助低碳能源项目。

绿色气候基金的建议必威官网是真的吗

The six case studies illustrate different approaches that various international partners have used to support readiness activities. The lessons learned are intended to inform the recently established GCF as it attempts to identify how best to support a paradigm shift toward low-emission and climate-resilient development pathways. Although the GFC’s detailed operational modalities are not yet defined, it could take a number of approaches to support readiness. These include supporting readiness directly or partnering with existing institutions; establishing distinct channels and allocations for readiness or integrating enabling activities into existing channels and allocations; and supporting readiness through the private sector facility.