到现在为止,碳和生态footprintsare commonly known, with an ever-increasing number of cities all over the world using them to measure potential reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and broader environmental impacts. These footprints have made the concept of climate change mitigation much more accessible but remain limited in scope and are an abstract measure of impact. For example, the Global Protocol for Community-scale Greenhouse Gas Inventories only specifies scope 1 and 2 emissions, leaving out scope 3 emissions (often referred to as “value chain emissions,” as they are outside the boundary of the community). Similarly, footprints are often measured by global hectares, which leads to a lack of accountability.

越来越多的承认这些足迹忽略了罪魁祸首:来自城市以外的产品的基于消费的排放,因此与提供咖啡,木材和洗发水等城市商品的自然资源相关。许多可持续发展领导人都认为,有必要衡量和减轻城市对热带森林的影响(世界上最关键的生态系统之一),但是很少有工具可以帮助他们做到这一点。

输入城市4forestForest Footprint for Cities。这种新方法(已经在厄瓜多尔到挪威的10个城市都驾驶 - 旨在帮助衡量热带森林砍伐和相关CO的面积2消耗与森林砍伐有关的商品产生的排放。该方法捕获了城市总排放量的很大一部分,并为城市政府提供了可视化和量化其对森林风险商品的消费所需的信息,并产生了影响。

在此方法中提出的方法的基础上,Cities4Forests正在开发一个在线仪表板,最终将使城市能够通过政策变化和公众参与来确定减轻机会。城市还可以将其足迹与现有的碳会计和气候行动计划联系起来。必威官网是真的吗通过这些行动,城市可以投资于积极保护和恢复热带森林的森林阳性供应链。

Padang Sugihan Wildlife Reserve
左侧是用油棕种植的社区土地,右侧是塞伯克(Sebokor)的帕登·苏吉汉(Padang Sugihan)野生动物保护区,其大树不再可见。照片由Faizal Abdul Aziz/Cifor摄

Why a Forest Footprint?

热带森林对于储存碳,冷却地球并产生降雨的水分至关重要thousands of miles离开。每年,3 to 4 million hectares砍伐热带森林以生产城市消费的商品,例如棕榈油,大豆,牛肉,木纤维和咖啡。实际上,热带森林砍伐的排放将排名第三,仅次于美国和中国。森林砍伐的影响变得如此严重,以至于科学家警告说亚马逊可以到达临界点beyond which it no longer generates enough rainfall to sustain itself as a rainforest.

On the flip side, halting this destruction and implementing nature-based solutions — most significantly by halting tropical deforestation — could represent up to 30% of the global carbon mitigation needed to持有1.5的世界到2030年,c(2.7度F)的温暖度。

当然,杂货店餐厅和药房中的森林砍伐产品并不总是很明显。平均咖啡没有宣传其在蒙塔尼云森林丧失中的作用。棕榈油也不会出现在令人困惑的普通产品中,在许多产品下也没有其他名称, acknowledge its contribution to the destruction of an intact tropical ecosystem. In both cases, tropical forests are cleared to make room for crop production.

幸运的是,对这个问题的关注正在增长,这在遵循“无森林砍伐”商品的呼叫和承诺中很明显格拉斯哥关于森林和土地使用的声明。尽管如此,世界尚未采取明智和决定性的行动,这些行动共同重新构想了城市的角色和范围,远远超出了市政边界。为此,我们需要一个新的,清晰的了解城市消费的影响。

消费x影响=足迹

The Forest Footprint for Cities demystifies the link between cities and tropical deforestation, helping cities understand the impacts they have on forests outside their boundaries and connecting it to issues cities are already tackling. The methodology uses data on how much city residents use, eat or buy certain products, multiplies it by the amount of tropical forest lost per unit of the commodity, and calculates an estimate of total forest loss caused by the city in hectares and CO2equivalents. These totals can then be broken down to show deforestation by broad categories of agricultural products, including beef, soy, palm, wood fiber and other crops. This disaggregation gives cities a detailed picture of their消费体现森林砍伐- 被定义为森林砍伐(在公顷中),归因于森林被某种商品所取代。城市可以估计他们具体森林砍伐,or the amount of deforestation associated with the production of a given commodity,as an annual average and as a range, in aggregate and on a per capita basis, and easily make comparisons between themselves and a global consumption average.

使用基于电子表格的工具来计算城市的森林足迹,该工具合成了来自各个国家和市政级别来源的数据。这些数据将在在线仪表板中提供给城市领导者,员工和居民,以促进共同责任的透明度以及与环境和可持续发展计划的链接。

Scaling Sustainable Consumption in Cities

最终,城市见解的森林足迹旨在作为城市以最有意义的人口和现有气候策略制定政策的基础。必威官网是真的吗每个城市的脚印都带来了独特的挑战和行动机会。为了帮助城市确定其行动选择,Cities4Forest创建了补充森林足迹行动计划, which identifies 10 categories of action and provides case studies of how they’ve been undertaken. Importantly, the categories outlined in the action plan build on practices that are already commonplace in cities around the world.

城市可以采取什么措施来减少他们的森林足迹图形

世界各地的几个实例说明了这些广泛的想法如何变成政策和实践。

首先,城市的森林足迹是缩小撞击的有用工具,例如食品系统(尤其是食物浪费)所产生的影响。目前,食品系统占温室气排放的三分之一。城市,例如那些签署的城市格拉斯哥的食物和气候宣言必威官网是真的吗,越来越意识到浪费食物在这些排放中起着重要作用,部分原因是不必要的过量生产森林风险商品。

通常,森林被清除以种植最终的食物in the trash。As an example, metropolitan London’s Forest Footprint is around 11,000 hectares of tropical deforestation annually, emitting roughly 6.1 million tonnes of carbon-dioxide equivalent. At the same time, cutting food waste could reduce the city’s embodied deforestation by a maximum of10–25%

Comparison of per capita city GHG emissions by sector and forest footprint emissions
固定能源(例如建筑物的加热,电力的生产),运输和废物(例如,垃圾填埋场的甲烷)是最常见的部门Global Protocol for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories。将它们与在此处以人均水平的体现森林砍伐(绿色)的消耗相比。作者的照片/C40 GHG Inventory
奥斯陆,伦敦和温哥华的商品特定足迹的比较

城市的森林足迹还可以帮助城市摆脱当前的气候政策的重点,并确定政策制定的领域,从而导致更全面和集体的气候行动。必威官网是真的吗例如,温哥华有一个必威官网是真的吗气候应急行动计划有明确的目标,可以从化石燃料动力的车辆和建筑物过渡,并帮助居民“过着无碳的生活”。温哥华还在绿色建筑政策方面取得了长足的进步,最近宣布了未来的章程,该章程将鼓励使用可持续的木材,同时减少体现的建筑碳。

Indeed, wood contributes to Vancouver’s Forest Footprint, but in a surprisingly smaller way than one might think when compared to other products linked to deforestation. Where Metropolitan Vancouver’s wood fibre consumption results in 293 hectares of primary tropical deforestation every year, their coffee consumption results in 61 hectares of primary tropical deforestation every year and upwards of 31,000 tCO2/年相关的温室气体排放。对于咖啡,这大约相当于10,000个温哥华人驾驶年度排放

如果温哥华人将过着无碳寿命,则必须制定缓解政策,以解决消费产品的碳排放。其他城市已经在这一方向采取行动。例如,奥斯陆正在推广“气候友好饮食”,作为其2030年气候战略计划必威官网是真的吗的一部分。作为其中的一部分,它正在使用森林足迹进行城市方法论,以试行无森林砍伐的采购监测计划,重点是森林阳性咖啡和肉类产品的市政采购。类似的倡议可以帮助温哥华进一步缩小其足迹。

打电话给所有城市准备面对他们的足迹

记录城市对森林砍伐的贡献的数据已经存在,并且可以从前所未有的政府获得。城市的森林占地面积是以清晰的形式传达这些数据并为变革性变革讲述强大故事的重要工具。但是,它只会像用户的集体影响力一样强大。通过城市的森林足迹,城市4forest可以帮助城市从测量温室气体排放到实施有意义的变化有效地转变。